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Up to 20 authors, list them all with an ampersand (&) before the final name. Include surname and first name initials.
Ingram, T. N., LaForge, R. W., Avila, R. A., Schwepker, C. H., Jr, & Williams, M. R. (2020). Sales management: Analysis and decision making (10th ed.). Routledge.
In-text citation: (Ingram et al., 2020)
More than 20 authors, list the first 19 and the final name with an ellipsis (...) - not an ampersand - before the final name.
Books should be entered in the format: Author(s) Last name, Initial. (Year of Publication). Title (Edition). Publisher.
If the book has between 2 and 20 authors, list all names. If the article has between 2 and 20 authors, list all names. If there are more than 20, list the first 19, add ellipses (three dots in a row) and then write the final author's name.
If you read an e-book version of the text, place the DOI after the publisher. If the DOI is not available, then use the URL and the date you accessed the webpage, in the format ‘Retrieved [date], from [URL]’. Do not put a full stop after these, as this can interfere with the hyperlink.
| Hardcopy Book | E-book | |
| Single author | Shilling, M. (2020). Strategic management of technological innovation (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. | Shilling, M. (2020). Strategic management of technological innovation (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000 |
| Multiple authors | Doyle, P., & Stern, P.M. (2006). Marketing management and strategy (4th ed.). Financial Times Prentice Hall. | Doyle, P., & Stern, P.M. (2006). Marketing management and strategy (4th ed.). Financial Times Prentice Hall. Retrieved 5 March, 2021, from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/dublinit/detail.action?docID=5136422 |
Journal articles s should be entered in the format: Author(s) last name, Initial. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume number(issue number), Page Numbers.
If the article has between 2 and 20 authors, list all names. If there are more than 20, list the first 19, add ellipses (three dots in a row) and then write the final author's name.
If you read a digital copy of a journal article, you should include the DOI after the page numbers. If the DOI is not available, then use the URL and the date you accessed the webpage, in the format ‘Retrieved [date], from [URL]’. Do not put a full stop after these, as this can interfere with the hyperlink.
| Print journal | Digital article | |
| Single author | Mittal, B. (2016). Retrospective: Why do customers switch? The dynamics of satisfaction versus loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(6), 569-575. | Mittal, B. (2016). Retrospective: Why do customers switch? The dynamics of satisfaction versus loyalty. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(6), 569-575. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-07-2016-0277 |
| Multiple authors | Whitcomb, L., Erdener, C., & Li, C. (1998). Business Ethical Values in China and the U.S. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(8), 839-852. | Whitcomb, L., Erdener, C., & Li, C. (1998). Business Ethical Values in China and the U.S. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(8), 839-852. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25073129 |
The formatting for edited collections (books containing contributions from multiple authors) depends on whether you wish to cite the whole book, or merely a particular section.
If citing the whole book, the formatting remains the same as for an authored book. The editor’s name takes the place of the author’s name, and you insert (Ed.), or (Eds.) after the editor’s first initial, ie. they should be formatted as: Editors(s) Last name, Initial, (Ed(s)). (Year of Publication). Title (Edition). Publisher.
If citing one chapter in an edited collection, the format is not dissimilar to a journal article, with some key changes. The main difference is the need to include both the author and the editor’s details, as well as the name of the publisher. You should enter these in the format: Author(s) last name, Initial. (Date). Chapter Title. In Editor(s) last name, Initial (Ed(s)), Book title (pp. chapter page numbers). Publisher.
| Whole edited book | Chapter from edited book |
| Ciara Breathnach (Ed.). (2007). Framing the west: images of rural Ireland 1891-1920. Irish Academic Press. | Clancy, M. (2007). Occupied and earning: child, girl and women workers in County Donegal. In Breathnach, C. (Ed.), Framing the west: images of rural Ireland 1891-1920 (pp. 215-31). Irish Academic Press. |
Reports from online databases (such as market research reports) should be entered in the following format: Author(s) Last name, Initial. (Year). Report title. Retrieved date, from URL
If the report has no identified author, use the database name or the corporate author (the company responsible for the research) in its place.
| With an identified author | With no identified author |
| Wilson, J. (2016). Attitudes towards Advertising - Ireland - August 2016. http://0-academic.mintel.com.ditlib.ie/display/786954/ | Euromonitor. (2016, June 17). Alcoholic Drinks in Ireland. http://portal.euromonitor.com.portal/analysis/tab |
When citing a print newspaper article, you should use the format: Author(s) Last Name, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title, page number.
If you access an online newspaper article, follow the same format, but replace the page number with the URL.
| Print newspaper | Online newspaper |
| Barjer, , A. (2016, November 21). UK ally takes hard Brexit line. The Financial Times, p.11. | O'Connor, B. (2016, November 18). Two new appointments to board of horse racing Ireland. The Irish Times. http://irishtimes.com/sport/racing/two-new-appointments-to-board-ofhorse-racing-ireland-1.2874047 |
Web-based resources that do not fall under the above categories should be entered in the following format: Author(s) last Name, Initial. (Year). Resource title. Organisation name. URL.
If you cannot find the year of publication, use (n.d.) in its place.
If there is no identified author, then use the institution responsible for the website as the author (often the website's name itself), following the format: Organisation name. (Year). Resource title. URL
If the information you are including is likely to change (eg. if you are including stock market figures from a website that gives daily updates), then include the date that you accessed the website immediately before the URL.
| With an identified author; stable information | With no identified author; information expected to change |
|
Williams-Grut, O. (2016). The 16 best countries for expats to live in. Business Insider. http://uk.businessinsider.com/hsbc-ranking-of-16-best-countries-for-expats-to-live-2016-9 |
Student Market (2016). Market overview and trends. Retrieved 22 May, 2021, from http://www.student-market.com/student-travel |
Note: Never use a URL in your in-text citation. Use the author/s name and date e.g. (Williams-Grut, 2016). If there is no author, use the title of the webpage e.g. (Market overview and trends, 2016).
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