IMRaD Template
Designed by Carnegie Mellon University
Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: Writing and editing for biomedical publication (Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics) (read)
Research articles are sometimes seen as “better” than review articles. However, both research and review articles serve a specific purpose in the context of publishing. The value of any contribution can only be decided within the context of fulfilling that purpose. The type of article you choose to write should be based on the material you have researched or gathered and the audience you want to reach.
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Research articles share outputs from original research. A research article should include the research question, hypothesis or purpose of the research. It should also provide background and context from the current literature within the field, details of the methods and methodology, results, analysis and discussion. The discussion section allows you to highlight your original contribution to this field of study.
IMRaD (Introduction Methods Results and Discussion)
The IMRaD structure is a standard outline for research papers in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences, and computer science. However please refer to publisher guidelines prior to submission.
In addition to the template below, you will also need to include acknowledgements and references.
Acknowledgements: This section includes the names of support staff who contributed to the work but whose contribution falls below the criteria for author. You should ask permission of the individuals involved before including them in this section. See the Contributor Role Taxonomy (CRediT)
References: A list of all materials referenced in the article.
Review articles create a synthesis from the existing literature. This can provide an overview of the current research, highlight best practice or illustrate a need for further research. Review articles should include an introduction, the scope and parameters of the literature search, details of how the review is organised and a conclusion. Depending on the type of review, a detailed methodology of how the review was conducted may also be included.
For further information on reporting guidelines for specialist reviews please see
This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
